This report assesses Montenegro's public and external debt sustainability under alternative scenarios. The baseline scenario assumes continued implementation of a macroeconomic stabilization and structural reform program, while the low case scenario describes the alternative of a sluggish growth...

This is the second of the series of Debt Reports for 2022 to be published online and provide users with data and analysis on external and public debt of low- and middle-income countries. Debt Report 2022 second edition presents preliminary estimates of external debt stocks at end-2021 for low-...

"Over the past 25 years, significant levels of public debt and external finance are more likely to have enhanced macroeconomic vulnerability than economic growth in developing countries. This applies not just to countries with a history of high inflation and past default, but also to those in...

"Greece and Italy initiated efforts to improve public debt management and develop their domestic debt markets respectively in the late 1970s and mid-1980s. At that time, both countries suffered from large and rapidly growing public debt, excessive reliance on short-term bills held by commercial...

The government of Pakistan borrows in the domestic market through a range of instruments, and this market is a critical source of funding for both shorter-term cash management and longer-term deficit-financing. The government has taken actions over the past 18 months that have enhanced the...

The Asian economic crisis has left Indonesia's Government deeply in debt. Government debt has increased from 23 percent of GDP before the crisis to about 83 percent of GDP in early 2000. Nearly three quarters of this increase is domestic debt to pay for bank restructuring. Though very large, the...

The need for an effective public debt management strategy has increased with Tunisia's stronger presence in the international financial markets and the larger exposure to changing borrowing conditions and exchange rate fluctuations. At the same time, there are better conditions today for public...

Managing Public Debt will serve government officials contemplating or in the process of reforming their practices, providers of technical assistance, and practitioners working on building capacity in public debt management. Because effective implementation of debt management strategies also...

A strong legal framework that forms the basis for the activities of debt managers is crucial for enabling an effective public debt management function. This paper aims to complement discussions on the legal foundations of debt management by detecting and discussing essential elements that allow...