"This paper proposes that individuals care about the relative income of proximate reference groups. Making use of self …-reported life satisfaction as a proxy for unobservable utility, the relative income of siblings is tested for relevance as a … reference point for new sample data from Venezuela. Having greater perceived income than one's siblings is found to be …

contributed to raise purchase prices and the cash income of vanilla farmers. But the effect on farmers' consumption remains small …

ongoing work under a joint energy study entitled INGENS - Income Generation through Energy and. Complementary Services. INGENS …

between income and substitution effects. The paper then reviews the recent empirical literature on the subject. In richer … poorer countries, mostly in Africa and low-income Asia, the outcomes are pro-cyclical: infant mortality rises, and school … enrollment and nutrition fall during recessions. In the middle-income countries of Latin America, the picture is more nuanced …

likely to face considerable exposure to uninsured income risk, such resource flows should translate into better risk bearing … income shocks. After accounting for selection into migration, the results indicate that migration has a substantially larger …