systematically different political and electoral institutions, or that young democracies exhibit more polarized societies. "--World …

spectacularly narrowed down, but this effect is dwarfed by that of world-price volatility. A counterfactual analysis based on a … contributed to raise purchase prices and the cash income of vanilla farmers. But the effect on farmers' consumption remains small … at the regional level. After taking into account the reduction in Madagascar's monopoly power on the world vanilla market …

"This paper proposes that individuals care about the relative income of proximate reference groups. Making use of self …-reported life satisfaction as a proxy for unobservable utility, the relative income of siblings is tested for relevance as a … reference point for new sample data from Venezuela. Having greater perceived income than one's siblings is found to be …

with risk through other formal or informal consumption smoothing mechanisms. "--World Bank web site …

ongoing work under a joint energy study entitled INGENS - Income Generation through Energy and. Complementary Services. INGENS …