exchange rate volatility, and (b) trade and financial openness may have a potential role of mitigating and/or amplifying real … openness to exacerbate or mitigate real exchange rate volatility. The authors collected information on the real effective …) High real exchange rate volatility is the result of highly volatile productivity shocks, and sharp oscillations in monetary …

-the Social Cash Transfer Program (SCTP)—to scale up response to additional beneficiaries when shocks occur. Making the SCTP shock …-responsive is a key strategic pillar of the government’s Disaster Risk Financing Strategy. The SCTP scalable mechanism was first …,000 poor and vulnerable households that would be eligible to receive a cash transfer in the event of a shock, and in fact a …

private investment in infrastructure depends on addressing this risk well. Private infrastructure contracts in developing … countries have usually passed much of this risk on to customers or the government. But because devaluations and large … depreciations in developing countries often occur in the context of macroeconomic and financial upheaval, such risk allocations …

region exacerbates the vulnerability of the population. It also increases the risk of non-poor falling into poverty. In 2018 …