Local land users and officials often have conflicting perceptions of and responses to land degradation issues. This causes problems for officials in diagnosing and addressing the issue and is a major constraint on the successful implementation of policies and projects to address land...

The Country Opinion Survey in Egypt assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Egypt perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and...

The Arab Republic of Egypt has focused on increasing student learning outcomes by improving the quality of education in the country. An effective student assessment system is an important component of efforts to improve the quality of education and learning outcomes because it provides the...

A set of case studies was prepared as part of the World Bank's Water Global Practice initiative "Wastewater. Shifting paradigms: from waste to resource" to document existing experiences in the water sector on the topic. The case studies highlight innovative financing and contractual...

In 2016 the Government of Egypt (GoE) has embarked on an ambitious and much needed transition towards a better economic policy. While the macroeconomic stability and market confidence have been largely restored, the overall fiscal situation remains challenging. With limited fiscal space, solely...

Confronted with pervasive macroeconomic imbalances and microeconomic distortions, the Government of Egypt (GOE) started in 2016 to move forward with important reforms to stabilize the economy and restore confidence. At that time, Egypt was facing daunting economic and structural challenges,...

In 2015, a large share of Egypt's population was either poor (27.8 percent) or not poor but vulnerable to falling into poverty (an additional 28.7percent); most of the poor and vulnerable lived in the governorates of Upper Egypt. Clearly the country faces a challenge, but it also has the...

The previous decade in Egypt was marked by major internal and external shocks that have surely had severe implications for the evolution of the population's welfare. In recent years, social, political, and economic changes have transformed the landscape of the Egyptian society. On January 2011,...

In 1992, the Government of Egypt endorsed its first National Environment Action Plan (NEAP) which marked a turning point in tackling the challenge of environment and development in Egypt. NEAP was the first policy instrument that has mobilized efforts and investments of both the Government and...

Egypt's National Climate Change Strategy 2050, launched in May 2022 sets out an ambitious and comprehensive 324-billion-dollar plan to support a stronger, greener Egyptian economy. The Strategy integrates the climate change dimension into the general planning of all sectors in the country,...