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The Impact of Newspapers on Consumer Confidence: Does Spin Bias Exist?
Alsem, Karel-Jan; Brakman, Steven; Hoogduin, Lex; … - de Nederlandsche Bank - 2004
Mullainathan and Shleifer (2002) argue that there are two types of media bias. One bias, called ideology, reflects a news outlet's desire to affect reader opinions in a particular direction. The second bias, referred to as spin, reflects the outlet's attempt to simply create a memorable story....
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10004970700
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Financial Literacy and Planning: Implications for Retirement Wellbeing
Lusardi, Annamaria; Mitchell, Olivia S. - de Nederlandsche Bank - 2006
Evidence suggests only a minority of American households feels "confident" about retirement saving adequacy. Little is … saving patterns. To better understand these issues, we devised and fielded a purpose-built module on planning and financial … literacy for the 2004 Health and Retirement Study (HRS). This module measures how workers make their saving decisions, how they …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10005101811