The complete insurance hypothesis is soundly rejected by the data (e.g. Attanasio and Davis, 1996). On the other hand, the permanent income model assumes that the only mechanism available to the agents to smooth consumption is personal savings (self insurance). Those are clearly two extreme...

In this paper we provide sufficient conditions for the validity of the first-order condition approach (FOCA) for two period dynamic moral hazard problems where the agent can save and borrow secretly, and we characterize the optimal contract. Recently, dynamic principal-agent models became very...