efficiency gains can be sizable, but we find that most of the improvements can then attributed to the relaxation of borrowing constraints, rather than the introduction of savings distortions.

and to increase the level of long term investment. In this case, partial integration opens up the opportunity for the occurrence of extreme events. That is, the cost of liquidity can become unusually high and the optimal consumption can display both higher volatility than in autarky and negative...

We explore this class of models for two reasons. The first is that it appears to capture many of the aspects often ascribed to fluctuations, the role of animal spirits in affecting demand---spirits that we interpret here as coming from a rational reaction to signals about the future---, the role...