The literature has not yet resolved whether the effect of macroeconomic fluctuations on training decisions is positive or negative. On the one hand, the opportunity cost to train is lower during downturns, and thus training should be counter-cyclical. On the other hand, a positive shock may be...

The rapidly growing literature studying the returns to firm- and government-sponsored training has made a striking observation. Returns to firm-sponsored training are positive and large while returns to government-sponsored training are low or even negative, especially in the short run. This has...