grades, and have behavioral problems than are children raised in more traditional family structures. But these relationships … outcomes, rather than causal effects of family structure. Given that changes in the availability of men in the marriage market … should affect marriage decisions, we use incarceration rates for men as an instrumental variable for family structure in …

fathers. The strong effect of family structure is not explained by the lack of paternal involvement that generally comes with … outcomes. There is also a link between adult delinquent behavior and adolescent family structure that cannot be explained by … daughters. Finally, the strong link between adolescent family structure and delinquent behavior is not accounted for by the …

Childhood Longitudinal Study, our instrumental variables estimates suggest that children receiving subsidized care in the year …. However, these negative effects largely disappear by the time children reach the end of third grade. Our results point to an …