This paper examines how shareholdings affect auctions' revenue and efficiency with independent private values. Two types of shareholdings are analyzed: vertical (resp: horizontal) toeholds cover situations in which bidders own a fraction of the seller's profit (resp: a share of their...

We analyze the privatization of highway firms, focusing both on the sale of the shares of these firms and the tenders organized by the highway firms for the maintenance of the highways network. If a public works firm buys shares of a highway firm, tenders become inefficient and the revenue of...