By outsourcing key intermediate goods to a downstream competitor, a firm can credibly reveals its future quantity of the final good to its competitor, therefore force the latter to act as a Stackelberg follower in the downstream market. As a result, whether outsourcing occurs or not depends on...

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of California anti-smoking media campaign in changing smoking behavior of adults and adolescents, in the short run as well as in the long run, through individual self-reported exposure to the media message. We construct pseudo panel data using repeated...