A spatial model of voting in parliamentary elections is estimated by using survey data from The Netherlands, Great Brit-ain, and Israel. It is shown that more educated voters put more weight on the parties’ political programs. The choice of less educated voters depends primarily on their...

n this work factor analysis is used to obtain a two-dimensional map of ideological preferences of the Russian elec-torate. It is shown that Moscow is the most polarized region with respect to ideological preferences. A spatial model of voting, based on the assumption that the voter’s utility...