Causal relationships are used to investigate information flows and directions of control in a decentralized multi-echelon supply chain where no central authority has system level control over optimizing decisions. We use secondary time-series data representing the US beef industry to investigate...

This study proposes a semiparametric estimate and a test for base-independence equivalence scale. Our semiparametric approach is based on nondensity weighted loss function in contrast to Pendakur's (1999) density weighted loss function. Simulation results indicate that our specification tends to...