As customs tariffs have been reduced in subsequent rounds of trade negotiations, increasing attention has focused on the impacts of domestic policies on international trade and the use of non-tariff measures (NTMs). According to evidence from an inventory of business complaints, natural resource...

Tourism multipliers are widely used tools of services trade analysis. Yet, their derivation and interpretation has often been inconsistent and confusing. This article presents a unifying approach for calculating indicators of tourism linkages and leakages, derives these multipliers for a large...