This article argues that in Euro-area economies, where the European Central Bank (ECB) cannot bail out financially distressed governments, the spending multiplier is adversely affected by the amount of public debt. A regression model on a panel of 26 EU countries over the last 16 years shows...

The paper tests the hypothesis that the presence of indexed money may rule out a process of currency substitution in contexts of persistent high inflation. Estimates for the case of Brazil using monthly data for the period 1985 to 1993 and cointegration techniques offer support for that.