Energy-related CO2 emissions embodied in international trade have been widely studied at the national level in recent years. The embodiment estimates help to explain the “weak carbon leakage” between industrial and developing countries and to reveal the so-called “consumption-based”...

This paper proposes a parametric frontier approach to estimating economy-wide energy efficiency performance from a production efficiency point of view. It uses the Shephard energy distance function to define an energy efficiency index and adopts the stochastic frontier analysis technique to...

Index decomposition analysis (IDA) has been a popular tool for studying changes in energy consumption over time in major energy consuming sectors. In the basic form, it allows such changes to be decomposed to give contributions associated with three different effects, namely activity, structure...