The UK government’s CO2 emissions targets will require electrification of much of the country’s infrastructure with low carbon technologies such as photovoltaic panels, electric vehicles and heat pumps. The large scale proliferation of these technologies will necessitate major changes to the...

Two intersecting events of the last two decades have transformed the electricity industry: (1) market restructure designed to introduce wholesale market competition; and (2) renewable energy development fostered by government policies, including renewable portfolio standards (RPS). There is,...