Based on the analogy between electricity and heat, we find that electric transformers and heat exchangers have many similarities. However, unlike transformers where Vo can be higher than Vi, the outlet temperatures of conventional heat exchangers are limited (i.e. Tc,o<Th,i, Th,o>Tc,i). Therefore, the...</th,i,>

Tiered electricity price (TEP) reform is a planning policy for household electricity conservation in China. Based on TEP, several price hierarchies are provided, and additional payment will be charged if the electricity consumptions exceed the upper bound of each hierarchy. Yet, the optimal...