The outdoor performance of thin film technologies is not so satisfactorily understood as that of crystalline silicon. Despite all PV materials are influenced by the spectral irradiance, thin film PV modules are especially sensitive to it. Thus, the spectral factor (SF) is a useful index to...

Assessing the correct operation of PV grid-connected systems (PVGCS) is paramount not only for mere energy and profitability concerns but also for safety reasons. Intended to this purpose, the IEC 62446 standard is open to some tests to be required in some circumstances, in addition to those...