In 2007 Ireland supplied 96% of the total energy demand with fossil fuels (7% domestic and 89% imported) and 3% with renewable energy, even though there are enough renewable resources to supply all the energy required. As energy prices increase and the effects of global warming worsen, it is...

This paper includes a review of the different computer tools that can be used to analyse the integration of renewable energy. Initially 68 tools were considered, but 37 were included in the final analysis which was carried out in collaboration with the tool developers or recommended points of...

The hypothesis of this paper is that in order to identify least cost solutions of the integration of fluctuating renewable energy sources into current or future 100% renewable energy supplies one has to take a Smart Energy Systems approach. This paper outline why and how to do so. Traditionally,...

Within five years from now, Lithuania is going to close down Ignalina, the only nuclear-power plant in the country. Since Ignalina generates more than 75% of the Lithuanian electricity production, new generation capacities are needed. Traditional steam-turbines, fuelled with fossil fuels, would...

Identification of political objectives is a very important part of making feasibility studies. Very often, energy projects are evaluated against narrow energy-sector objectives, such as securing "a sufficient energy supply" and/or securing "reasonable energy prices". Established technologies...

Renewable-energy sources and energy efficiency are important elements in Danish Energy Policy. The implementation of wind power and combined heat- and power production (CHP) have already led to substantial fuel savings, and both technologies are intended for further expansion in the coming...

Biogas plants are one of the important elements in the Danish energy-policy of having reduced CO2 emissions by 20% by 2005. Since 1984, development efforts concerning centralised biogas plants in Denmark have been carried out, and Denmark now has approximately 20 large centralised biogas plants....