The application of distributed variable speed pumps (DVSP) in the district heating (DH) network has been considered as a technology improvement that has a potential of saving energy, compared to the conventional central circulating pump (CCCP) DH system. A hydraulic model was developed to...

Demand Response (DR) is one of the typical methods for optimizing load characteristics in power systems. Utilities offer DR schemes to generate incentives toward consumers’ power consumption behavior for load optimization. In tariff planning, power consumption variation is an important issue...