In this paper, we present a process-based model to estimate the well-to-tank (WTT) costs of vehicle fuels (gasoline and diesel). The model breaks down the WTT process into four stages, i.e., crude oil sourcing (import and extraction), crude oil transportation, crude oil refining, and vehicle...

In this study, we first define the energy consumption of domestic investment as the investment-driven energy consumption (IDEC). Then, we build an energy input–output model to identify quantitatively the amounts of China’s IDEC from 1992 to 2007. We also use the model to analyze the sector...

An experimental investigation has been performed to study the forced convection and pressure-drop characteristics fully-developed steady turbulent flows in air-cooled, horizontal, equilateral-triangular ducts. These ducts were constructed of duralumin, each of the same axial length and hydraulic...