Conditional asset pricing models within the risk-return literature describe a relation between expected risk and return for period t + 1, with expectations formed during period t. Existing risk estimates in the literature are formed using backward looking measures during period t, which are...

The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) describes a relationship between risk and expected forward-looking returns. Existing research tests the model using realized returns as the proxy for exante expectations. However, recent studies cast doubt on the ability of expost observed returns to proxy...

This study identifies periods of turbulence within financial markets. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) betas estimated during tranquil periods exhibit little relation between estimated risk and average returns, and further, a majority of considered portfolios exhibit significant abnormal...