The recent financial crisis in Europe has been followed by a significant decrease in credit flows to nonfinancial enterprises. This article investigates demand and supply of loans using data from surveys. Our econometric analysis suggests that recent <italic>European Central Bank</italic> (ECB) policy has...

This article analyses the cost and profit efficiencies of cooperative banks. Cooperative banks are small financial institutions providing financial services in several local geographical areas, and they play a fundamental role in various European banking systems. Even though these small...