We analyse the evolving impact of family background on educational attainment using administrative data on 2 …,417,460 individuals from 1,341,403 families born in the Netherlands between 1966 and 1995. Comparisons between parents and their children … be roughly stable across cohorts. Despite a reduction in overall education inequality, we conclude that family background …

estimated effects confound birth order with family size. No significant effect of the number of children on educational … number of children are twins at last birth and the sex mix of the first two children. The effect of birth order is identified …, by examining the relation with years of education for different family sizes separately; this avoids the problem that …

endowments. Exploiting only within-family variation in both ensures they are exogenous as well as orthogonal to each other. As … exploits data from 15,019 full siblings in the UK Biobank. We adopt a family-fixed effects strategy combined with instrumental …