Examines the height of Georgian convicts and concludes that their height declined beginning with the birth cohorts of 1835. The economic transition brought about a decline in their nutritional status.

Reviews the evidence on early-industrial height cycles and shows why the economic transition put downward pressure on the nutritional status of the European and American populations.

Considers the effect of non-stationarity on the analysis of the effect of banks on economic growth in Germany in the late-19th and early-20th centuries.