This report describes the determination of private consumption and investment in the BOF4 model. The consumption function of the model is largely based on thepermanent income hypothesis. Relative prices and the level of aggregate consumption determine the shares of the three consumption...

This paper describes the structure and simulation properties of the Bank of Finland's macroeconometric model BOF4. BOF4 is a quarterly, medium-sized macro model of the Finnish economy, consisting of about 70 behavioural equations. Including accounting identities and technical linkages of...

The purpose of this paper is to find a suitable method for estimating output gaps and calculating the cyclically adjusted government budget balance for Finland.Several different approaches for estimating a reference trend are briefly evaluated and a calculation of the cyclically adjusted...

Raportissa tarkastellaan julkisen talouden alijäämän ja velkaantumisen reaktioita talouden kasvuhäiriöihin lyhyellä aikavälillä.Lisäksi selvitetään painelaskelmien avulla rakenteellisten tekijöiden, erityisesti väestön vanhenemisesta aiheutuvien menojen vaikutusta Suomen julkisen...

Cyclically adjusted government budget balances have become increasingly popular as a means of analysing the fiscal situation and changes in policy that result from the intentional actions of the government.As the actual budget balances are affected both by cyclical factors ('automatic...

In this paper, we analyze the empirical relevance of exchange rate pass-through for Finland, Sweden and Denmark during the period 1980-1994.Further, we attemp to determine if there has been a structural change in the pass-through relationship in 1990s.We find that about half the changes in...

We present a dynamic general equilibrium model with some nominal rigidities and calibrate it to euro area data.The most important features of the model include consumption/saving decisions according to Blanchard's stochastic lifetimes approach; valuation of private financial wealth according to...

Specification of the volume and price equation of Finlands multilateral exports of goods is based on the assumption that Finnish products enjoy only temporary monopoly power. In the context of the whole model this implies that the price of exports of goods as well as short-run marginal costs...

In this paper balance-of-payments crises are studied in a framework in which investors do not know the threshol~ level of foreign reserves, the attainment of which implies that the central bank abandons its fixed exchange target. Investors are alternatively risk neutral or risk averters. It is...

This paper contains a description of the production and labour demand sections of the BOF4 model. CES value added production functions are developed and estimated for the five sectors of the economy. From these the marginal product of labour and capital functions are derived which are important...