The creditworthiness of companies, and also their profitability and financial condition, are one way to measure whether the improvement in the risk-taking behavior of companies, such as business fixed investment, is becoming full-scale. In this paper, we use "credit ratings," a major indicator...

Economists at central banks and in academia have made various efforts to measure potential growth, something that cannot be observed directly. This review introduces some of these estimation techniques and applies them to the Japanese data. The estimates of the potential growth rate can differ...