Since March 2020 the Eurosystem has provided subsidies to Euro-Area banks, via its Targeted Longer-Term Refinancing Operations (TLTRO). Under this program, banks can borrow from the Eurosystem at a rate as low as -1%, conditional on their lending to the real economy. This paper uses a simple...

Some Euro area money market rates have been standing below the deposit facility rate since 2015, which coincided with the start of the Eurosystem's public sector purchase program (PSPP). In this paper, we explore empirically the interactions between the PSPP and short term secured money market...