Organization that permits member countries to impose retaliatory tariffs in response to trade violations committed by other members …. We show that monetary fines are more efficient than tariffs in terms of granting compensation to injured parties when … violating country. If fines must ultimately be supported by the threat of retaliatory tariffs, they fail to yield a more …

This paper assesses the effects of reducing tariffs under the Doha Round on market access for developing countries. It … coverage or complex rules of origin. Thus lowering tariffs under the multilateral system is likely to lead to a net increase in …

distinguish between productivity gains arising from lower tariffs on final goods relative to those on intermediate inputs. Lower … output tariffs can produce productivity gains by inducing tougher import competition whereas cheaper imported inputs can … tariffs. A 10 percentage point fall in output tariffs increases productivity by about 1%, whereas an equivalent fall in input …

pecuniary benefits: higher prices lead to more integration. Because tariffs increase domestic product prices, this effect … the predictions of our model, we obtain three main results. First, higher tariffs lead to higher levels of vertical …

to exporting, and may induce a firm that has never exported to invest. Finally, reduced internal tariffs increase … leaving union markets even though external tariffs are unchanged. …