banks, thus relying on real information used in the process of bank credit decision-making. In particular, risk assessment … is derived from bank internal borrower ratings, and a new proxy for identifying relationship lending is used. Furthermore …, collateral locks the borrower into the relationship. Second, it strengthens the bank’s bargaining power in future renegotiations …

. Since these two decisions may be simultaneously made we use the number of private and government bank branches located in … probability of a firm to innovate is about 10 to 13 percent higher if the main lender is a private compared to a government bank …

Today’s regulatory rules, especially the easily-manipulated measures of regulatory capital, have led to costly bank … failures. We design a robust regulatory system such that (i) bank losses are credibly borne by the private sector (ii …) systemically important institutions cannot collapse suddenly; (iii) bank investment is counter-cyclical; and (iv) regulatory …

creating counter-cyclical incentives for banks to raise capital, and so encourage bank lending in bad times. They avoid the …

foreigners. We use a bank-level panel data set spanning all British and foreign banks providing loans within the United Kingdom …," domestic (British) loans of a bank expressed as a fraction of its total loan activity. We also study effective short …