This study focuses on the interaction between the quantity and the quality of instruction at school. On average, across all studied countries, one hour more instruction time leads to 0.03 standard deviations higher test scores. Importantly, the effect varies according to teachers' formal...

The coronavirus crisis has caused severe economic, social and health disruptions worldwide. Children and young adults were among those who suffered most from the effects of the pandemic. Schoolchildren and students faced learning losses, and time spent on school activities dropped by about...

Being exposed to compulsory religious education in school can have long-run consequences for students' lives. At different points in time since the 1970s, German states terminated compulsory religious education in public schools and replaced it by a choice between ethics classes and religious...

In the educational production process of the school system, report cards provide a crucial performance feedback for students. Sweden was a pioneer in abolishing numerical grades from report cards in elementary school, as grades were considered harmful for students’ motivation to learn. In this...