This study investigates the case of Iran to evaluate how changes in the intensity of international sanctions affect … terrorism risk. In contrast, the risk of civil war declines after an increase in sanction intensity. These findings for Iran …

Iran using nighttime light intensity. We apply the synthetic control method (SCM) and nighttime light (NTL) data from 1992 …

This study examines the causal effect of the violent "Woman, Life, Freedom" protests in Iran during the last quarter of … 2022 on individual life satisfaction. To evaluate the impact, we use two original representative surveys in Iran conducted … that the violent protest environment had a significant and negative effect on life satisfaction in Iran. To determine the …

This study examines the impact of international economic sanctions, imposed on Iran due to its nuclear program, on the … development of the middle class. Specifically, it investigates how the middle class in Iran would have developed in the absence of … for Iran, using a weighted average of other comparable countries that mirror pre-sanction Iran, but did not experience …

six emerging economies (Iran, India, Indonesia, Korea, Pakistan, and Thailand). First, it applies both time series …

index of smuggling in Iran from 1970 to 2002. The Multiple Indicators - Multiple Causes (MIMIC) econometric modelling is … incentives for illegal trade. More trade openness accompanies more illegal trade for the case of Iran. On average, the relative … size of smuggling is about 13% of the total trade in Iran. The absolute amount of smuggling per year is about USD3 billion. …

effects of oil exports are taken into account, the estimates support output growth convergence between Iran and the rest of …, which could be partly due to the relatively underdeveloped nature of Iran’s financial markets. …

development of government spending in major sections shapes the political institutions in Iran. This question has become … especially important due to recent international sanctions, aiming to change the political behavior of Iran. We use the impulse … provision spending in Iran. The results imply that a shock in positive changes of democratic quality of institutions leads to …

subsequent taxation in Iran. We use rich micro survey data covering more than 36,000 Iranian households in 2009. Our micro …