that arrests of children and reported crimes involving children follow a different pattern: peaking during the school year … school year to show that this pattern is caused by school: children aged 10–17 are roughly 50% more likely to be involved in … a reported crime during the beginning of the school year relative to the weeks before school begins. This sharp increase …

language classes in compulsory school on students’ subsequent educational choices in upper secondary school. Using … more foreign language classes during compulsory school has only minor effects on educational choices of the overall student … education. The effect of foreign language classes on the educational trajectory of low-track male students is particularly …

identification, I use historical shifts in the school year schedule in Germany, which substantially shortened the duration of the … affected school years with no adjustments in the core curriculum. The lost in-school instruction was mainly compensated for by …