smooth their domestic consumption; however, it can also amplify volatility in consumption, depending on the currency in which … external debt portfolios, exchange rate cyclicality, and volatility in consumption of low- and middle-income countries. Since …

exert a volatility amplifying effect, depending on the currency of denomination and the cyclicality of the borrower … consumption volatility of low- and middle-income countries. On constructing the debt-weighted effective exchange rates, we examine …

implied higher volatility of exchange rates when it substantially deviated from the implicit target rates for all countries …. Finally, we find significant asymmetric effects of the volatility of exchange rates in all analyzed countries. …

direction. Interventions increase volatility in the short run as they are regarded as information; but they can reduce … volatility overall. Ways of transmission may reach beyond the signaling channel and also include the portfolio balance and a …

. Daily data reveal significant differences in volatility on the last of three meeting days when the interest rate … macroeconomic news effects on the foreign exchange market. We find evidence for non-linear regime switching between a high-volatility …, informed-trading state and a low-volatility, liquidity-trading state. MPC surprise announcements are shown significantly to …