Using a new dataset of Swiss cantons from 1890 to 2000, we estimate the causal effect of direct democracy on government … democracy has a constraining, but modest effect on spending. Our estimates suggest that a mandatory budget referendum reduces … spending by 2.2 percent. We find no evidence that direct democracy at the canton level results in higher local spending or a …

mortality reductions. Using data from 19 compulsory schooling reforms implemented in Europe during the twentieth century, we …

mortality reductions. Using data from 19 compulsory schooling reforms implemented in Europe during the twentieth century, we …

mortality reductions. Using data from 19 compulsory schooling reforms implemented in Europe during the twentieth century, we …