the aggregate real rate of return in the economy? Is it higher than the growth rate of the economy and, if so, by how much …

This paper challenges established claims of comparable degrees of market integration in Europe and China on the eve of … from Western Europe we conclude that in terms of market integration the Great Divergence was well under way decades before …

In this paper I survey and reinterpret the extensive literature on Europe's Great Depression. I argue that Europe could …

migrations. Here I focus on the period 1850 to 1940 and chiefly on migration from Europe to the New World. The survey is …

conflicts provide a better explanation than efficiency for the core economic institutions of pre-industrial Europe - serfdom …

After the collapse of Communism in Central and Eastern Europe, former party members were particularly likely to start … resources, information and opportunities provided by former party membership or because people with specific individual … attributes were more likely to become party members (self-selection). This study is the first to separate the causal effect of …

on China have examined the relationship between Communist Party membership and earnings and found a positive correlation … estimate the causal effect of Chinese Communist Party membership on monthly earnings in China. We find that, on average …, membership in the Communist Party of China increases monthly earnings and the wage premium has grown in recent years. We explore …

We propose a new framework for the study of the psychological foundation of party identification. We draw a distinction … between the part of an individual's party preference that is stable throughout adult life and the dynamic part responding to … an individual's party preference and provide evidence from a large nationally representative English panel dataset in …

mainstream. This paper asks how public attitudes about such policies respond once an extreme party increases their political … elections where a party either barely wins or loses an additional seat.We estimate that a one seat increase for the far …-right, anti-immigration party decreases negative attitudes towards immigration by 4.1 percentage points, in opposition to the …