We review the empirical literature that estimates the causal effect of parent’s schooling on child’s schooling, and …

increase in the share of independent-school students between Swedish municipalities. We find that an increase in the share of … independent-school students improves average performance at the end of compulsory school as well as long-run educational outcomes … primarily are due to external effects (e.g., school competition), and not that independent-school students gain significantly …

children and the incidence of childlessness. We find surprising results for Continental Europe: the additional education … generated by compulsory schooling expansions led to an increase in the number of biological children per woman and a decrease in …