This paper argues that openness to goods trade in combination with an unequal distribution of political power has been … provision of schooling are typically lower in an open than in a closed economy. Moreover, we find that, under openness to trade …, development is faster in a democratic system. We also endogenize the trade regime and demonstrate that, in political equilibrium …

economic development, notably institutions and geography. This paper sheds a different light on these determinants. We use … spatial econometrics to analyse the importance of the geography of institutions. We show that it is not only absolute … for a country's gdp per capita. Apart from a country's own institutions, institutions in neighboring countries turn out to …

Does trade openness cause higher GDP per capita? Since the seminal instrumental variables (IV) estimates of Frankel and … natural disasters affect bilateral trade, and that this effect is conditioned by geographical variables such as distance to …

the impact of financial liberalization on inequality. Also the quality of political institutions conditions the impact of … financial liberalization on income inequality, in contrast to the quality of economic institutions. Our main findings are robust …