, regions, or countries. The enlargement of the EU or the introduction of the euro, however, can be looked upon as integration … the introduction of the euro …

this “political guide for economists” we look at the creation of the euro within the bigger picture of European integration … reaction towards an “ever-closer union.” The euro with its current problems is a child of that strategy and its limits …

This paper compares the cyclical properties of fiscal policies across the 12 original eurozone countries and the future … counter-cyclical in Central and Eastern European countries than in members of the eurozone. The main differences arise from … the revenue side. Differences in the formation of fiscal policy between current and future eurozone countries decrease …

This paper focuses on macroeconomic interdependencies between the Euro area and three transition economies (Estonia …, Lithuania and Latvia), with the aim of establishing whether the latter are ready to adopt the Euro. The theoretical framework is … exchange rate vis-a-vis the Euro of each Baltic country, reflecting a degree of real convergence consistent with Optimum …

no evidence of a euro effect on trade flows among early euro adopters up to the year 2002. Second, this finding is robust … to extending the sample period to incorporate data up to 2013, covering five additional euro accessions. Third, while … there is no robust evidence of a euro effect, there is evidence that intra-EU trade flows have expanded faster than the …

balances, the common monetary policy may not be optimal for all of them. Euro area imbalances for potential output and for …