democracy, where a powerful economic elite cooperates with politicians and bureaucrats for their mutual benefit … economic liberty is due to the elite's political power stemming from its disproportionate control over a country's economic … resources. The elite uses this power to curtail economic freedom to defend its economic interests by discouraging innovation …

inequality and the degree to which ordinary citizens exert voice in each dimension of the policy process distinguishes elites and … and elites in non-democratic regimes. Inequality in the willingness to bear the cost of private mitigation in turn …

income. We explain this process of democratization as a rational way for incumbent elites to wage war effectively on other …

reduces the probability of a transition to democracy or the prospect of good governance in autocracy. I discuss other … countries. Surprisingly, I find that if the citizens' outside option (i.e., payoff in a democracy) improves, this is likely to …

We examine the effect of the interaction between resource rents and democracy on corruption for a panel of 29 Sub … resource rents. We argue that these findings can be explained by the ability of the political elites in less democratic …

probability of a transition from autocracy to democracy and reduces the probability of democratic survival … have taken place. We test this unexplored implication of the theory empirically. We find in a world sample from 1970 to …