The present complexity approach is based on two assumptions: A1: measurability of deviations of outcomes with respect … to reference values; A2 : extension of A1 to multi-set analysis. Complexity is then defined in terms of multi …-set deviation compared to single-set ones; an interpretation is given in terms of information costs; examples show the relevance of …

This article investigates whether the distance between origin and destination has played an increased role in shaping … 2012 are years of economic recession. The analytical tool employed is a gravity model. Our results document that distance …

micro data on internal migrants from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) 2000–2006 and merge this information with a … distance-related migration costs cannot explain the lower distance sensitivity of educated and risk-loving individuals. …

This paper uses a gravity framework to investigate the effects of distance as well as subnational and national borders … border effects stem from the metropolitan level rather than state. Second, border and distance effects decrease with the age … distance effects are interestingly increasing. Finally, we find that (assignee) self-citations and aggregation bias are two …

argues that distance (however defined) is no longer a dominant characteristic of the world economy, or will cease to be so in …. We disagree, and with us many other economists (see, for example, Leamer, 2006). Distance dominates all aspects of … distance. Furthermore, there is little evidence of income convergence. Using various methods and data sets, we show that many …

How does tax complexity affect people’s reaction to tax changes? To answer this question, we conduct an experiment in …