policy choice inevitably arises since a given social security system cannot be maintained by simply indexing retirement ages … longevity increases, the young generation contributes more, and the old generation faces lower benefits and a retirement age …

We investigate the responsiveness of individual retirement decisions to changes in financial incentives. A reform … increased women's normal retirement age (NRA) in two steps from age 62 to age 63 first and then to age 64. At the same time … retirement at the previous NRA became possible at a benefit discount. Since the reform affected specific birth cohorts we can …

The specificities of the workforce with a migrant background are often neglected in studies of retirement. Similarly … systems – with a focus on retirement. The paper argues that such effects are non‐negligible and are likely to have major …

during retirement. However, there is no consensus on the answer to the underlying question about what this standard should be … Netherlands. Key findings include the following. Adequate levels of retirement spending exceed 80 percent of working life spending …

address this question in the context of a recent German pension reform which raised the statutory retirement age by two years … of work ability at retirement and fundamental opposition. Our results show that expected work ability declines …