This study focuses on the interaction between the quantity and the quality of instruction at school. On average, across all studied countries, one hour more instruction time leads to 0.03 standard deviations higher test scores. Importantly, the effect varies according to teachers’ formal...

For school children, the Covid-19 pandemic brought school closures that challenged their learning experiences and social-distancing rules that impeded their peer interactions. Will these experiences have persistent effects on the development of children’s cognitive and socio-emotional skills?...