Small businesses (SMEs) depend on banks for credit. We show that the severity of the Eurozone crisis was worse in … countries where firms borrowed more from domestic banks ("domestic bank dependence") than in countries where firms borrowed more … from international banks. Eurozone banking integration in the years 2000-2008 mainly involved cross-border lending between …

for banks. To reduce uncertainty, banks acquire additional costly information about borrowers. More information increases …

loan from a fintech lender than a traditional bank. Among conventional lenders, smaller banks were much less likely to lend … to Black-owned firms, while the Top-4 banks exhibited little to no disparity after including controls. We use novel data …’ higher rate of borrowing from fintechs compared to smaller banks is particularly large in places with high racial animus …