Encouraging innovation is an important part of environmental policy. A large literature in environmental economics … examines the links between environmental policy and innovation. This paper reviews recent literature on green innovation. I … different policy instruments on innovation. I include a discussion of the justifications and evidence for technology …

supply on automation innovation by exploiting an immigrant placement policy in Germany during the 1990s and 2000s. Difference …-in-differences estimates indicate that one additional worker per 1,000 manual and unskilled workers reduces automation innovation by 0 …-skilled workers. Labor market tightness and external demand are plausible mechanisms for the labor-innovation nexus. …

We provide quantitative evidence on the relationship between military spending and innovation in the 19th century …. Combining innovation data from world fairs and historical military data across Europe, we show that national military spending … is associated with national innovation towards war logistics such as food processing, but less towards war technology …

innovation. These include both improvements in physical capital, such as smart grids to aid integration of intermittent … innovation and discuss the lessons learnt for policy. We then discuss the need for complementary innovation in both physical …