physical settlement during the second market phase of the EU ETS. We employ a series of estimation methods that allow for an …

This paper studies various options to support allowance prices in the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS), such as … adjusting the cap, an auction reserve price, and fixed and variable carbon taxes in addition to EU ETS. We use a dynamic … at the EU Member State level. We find that both a variable carbon tax and an auction reserve price support effective …

The efficiency case for raising fuel tax minima under the EU Energy Tax Directive (ETD) appears nuanced. Some fuels may … potentially much larger gains from extending tax minima to fuels (especially coal) covered by the EU Emissions Trading System (if …

This article studies the likely impact of unconventional gas developments in the U.S. on EU competitiveness. We find …, may soften the adverse competitiveness impact in the EU. …

is robust for alternative specifications. By imposing restrictions on excise levels, EU harmonization of excises in 1987 … and the introduction of a minimum in 1992 exerted a positive impact on the excise level in a number of EU countries. It …

through EU Emission Trading System (EU ETS). Our lessons are, first of all, that a cap-and-trade system like EU ETS is very …. Third, it is far from obvious why EU ETS should cover the entire carbon emissions base if other instruments, like (implicit …) carbon taxes are already available. Finally, EU ETS seems at least partially responsible for the observed steady reduction of …