This paper analyzes theoretically and empirically how upstream markets are affected by deregulation downstream …. Deregulation tends to increase the level of uncertainty in the upstream market. Our theoretical analysis predicts that deregulated … plants. On the other hand, we also find that transaction costs may have increased as a consequence of deregulation. …

California disaster. Part of the explanation for these difficulties stems from past successful liberalization and deregulation … experiences in other areas suggesting that competition could provide large benefits to hitherto regulated utilities in local …

competition. In this paper we provide the first empirical analysis of this relationship. We study Germany’s retail gasoline market … outcomes linked to competition. Because station-level adoption is endogenous, we use brand headquarter-level adoption decisions … increase by 28% in markets where both do. These results suggest that AI adoption has a significant effect on competition. …

, inequality is highly responsive to the increase in product market competition triggered by domestic regulatory reform. …

, distributional effects have been more difficult to assess. In the electricity sector, deregulation has vastly increased information … impact of deregulation. This also means policies that change fuel prices can have substantially different effects on …

We estimate the relationship between electricity, fuel and carbon prices in Germany, France, the Netherlands, the Nord … similar during peak and during base load for France, Germany and the Netherlands; and (c) the results are sensitive to the …