economies. The framework developed predicts a negative relationship between the degree of direct democracy and the size of the … quantitatively important; the results are robust and also depend on the interaction of direct democracy with other political …

A substantial literature has examined the determinants of support for democracy and although existing work has found a … are less supportive of democracy than males in a number of countries. Using data for 20 Sub-Saharan African countries, we …

. We find that participation rights provide more procedural utility in terms of a feeling of self-determination and … influence than actual participation. …

A large literature has claimed that higher political participation increases welfare spending. In this paper, I review … this literature. I study the theoretical link between participation and redistributive spending. Then, I survey the … empirical literature on the link between education, income and political participation, as well as that between political …

While it is well documented that political participation is stratified by socio-economic characteristics, it is an open … what extent differential political participation is determined by factors that lie beyond individual control (circumstances … forms of participation and persist over time. Family characteristics and psychological conditions during childhood emanate …